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Glossary
The terms of a lien search, in plain English.
Every term that shows up around a municipal lien search in Florida, defined the way we would explain it on a call. No legalese.
Certificate of occupancyCode enforcement lienCode violationEscrow holdbackEstoppel letterExpired permitFinal billFolio numberGood-through dateImpact feeLien letterLien reductionMunicipal lien searchNon-ad valorem assessmentOpen permitPass-through feePayoff letterPolice powerPolicy exclusionQuitclaim deedSpecial assessmentTax certificateTax deedTitle searchUnrecorded lienUtility lien
- Certificate of occupancy
- A municipality's confirmation that a completed structure is fit to be occupied. It addresses the building itself, so separate permits on the same parcel, such as a pool, fence, driveway, or solar permit, can still be open after one is issued. Read the guide
- Code enforcement lien
- A lien arising from unpaid code enforcement fines. Because many violations accrue fines daily until cured, these liens can grow far past the cost of the original problem.
- Code violation
- A municipality's finding that a property is out of compliance with local codes: an unpermitted structure, overgrowth, an unsafe condition. Fines often accrue until the violation is cured. Read the guide
- Escrow holdback
- Money withheld from the seller's proceeds and held in escrow at closing to cover an unresolved item, such as an open permit, so the deal can close on schedule while the issue gets fixed.
- Estoppel letter
- A written statement, most often from a condo or homeowners association, certifying exactly what is owed on an account as of a given date. Buyers and closing agents rely on it to settle those balances at closing. It covers the association's books, not the municipality's, so it does not replace a lien search.
- Expired permit
- A building permit that lapsed before the work passed final inspection. Municipalities often treat it much like an open permit: closing it out can require reactivating the permit and passing inspection.
- Final bill
- The last utility bill issued when a seller closes an account at sale. Because it is generated after the account closes, it can create a balance that did not exist on the date of the search.
- Folio number
- The parcel identifier assigned by a county property appraiser, also called a parcel ID in some counties. It is the most reliable identifier for a lien search order, since street addresses can be ambiguous or wrong.
- Good-through date
- The date through which a quoted balance or payoff amount is valid. Utility balances, accruing code enforcement fines, and assessment payoffs can all change after it passes, so a figure on a lien search report without a good-through date still needs to be confirmed before closing. Read the guide
- Impact fee
- A one-time charge a local government levies on new development for its share of infrastructure like roads, schools, and utilities. Unpaid impact fees can follow the property.
- Lien letter
- A municipality's official written response certifying what a specific parcel owes across its departments, usually issued for a fee and on the city's own schedule. Where an office answers only by lien letter, its response time sets the pace for the whole search. Read the guide
- Lien reduction
- The process of asking a municipality to reduce the accrued fines behind a code enforcement lien, usually after the underlying violation has been cured. Many municipalities have a formal application or hearing for it.
- Municipal lien search
- A report of a property's unrecorded municipal obligations: utility balances, open permits, code violations, special assessments, and other debts held by city and county departments rather than recorded in county land records. Read the guide
- Non-ad valorem assessment
- A charge on the annual property tax bill that is not calculated from assessed value, listed in its own section of the bill. Special assessments collected through the tax collector appear here, which is why they are easy to skim past. Read the guide
- Open permit
- A building permit that was issued but never closed out with a final inspection. The work may or may not be finished; either way, the obligation to resolve it passes with the property. Read the guide
- Pass-through fee
- A charge a municipality or county sets for releasing its own records, billed to the buyer or seller at cost rather than marked up by the search provider. It varies by jurisdiction, so it cannot be quoted accurately until the parcel is identified. Read the guide
- Payoff letter
- A written statement from a creditor or municipal department of the exact amount required to clear a debt through a specific date. Closings rely on written payoffs; verbal balances are not enough.
- Police power
- A government's authority to regulate property for public health and safety, including building and zoning code enforcement. Standard title policies exclude losses from its exercise, which is why open permits and code violations sit outside coverage. Read the guide
- Policy exclusion
- A category of risk a title policy states it does not insure at all, as distinct from an exception, which carves a specific item out of one policy. Governmental regulation and matters not shown by the public records are common exclusions. Read the guide
- Quitclaim deed
- A deed that transfers whatever interest the grantor has, with no warranties about what that interest is or what encumbers it. Common in family, divorce, and entity transfers, which often close without any title work or search.
- Special assessment
- A charge a local government levies on a property for improvements or services that benefit it, such as paving, seawalls, or fire service. Assessments are billed outside the regular ad valorem tax amount and can attach to the property when unpaid. Read the guide
- Tax certificate
- In Florida, when property taxes go delinquent the county sells a tax certificate: an investor pays the taxes in exchange for a lien on the property that earns interest until the owner redeems it.
- Tax deed
- The instrument by which a property is ultimately sold at public auction after prolonged tax delinquency, following a tax deed application by the holder of a tax certificate.
- Title search
- An examination of county land records for recorded matters affecting ownership: deeds, mortgages, judgments, recorded liens, easements. It does not cover unrecorded municipal debts, which is why a municipal lien search complements it. Read the guide
- Unrecorded lien
- A municipal debt that attaches to a property without appearing in the county's official records. Because it is not recorded, a standard title search will not surface it, and title insurance typically does not cover it. Read the guide
- Utility lien
- An unpaid municipal utility balance, typically water, sewer, stormwater, or solid waste, that the municipality can collect against the property itself rather than only the customer who ran up the bill. Read the guide
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